diff --git a/app/javascript/mastodon/components/modal_root.jsx b/app/javascript/mastodon/components/modal_root.jsx
index fd13564af2..e7fa5e6f9a 100644
--- a/app/javascript/mastodon/components/modal_root.jsx
+++ b/app/javascript/mastodon/components/modal_root.jsx
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class ModalRoot extends PureComponent {
     return (
       <div className='modal-root' ref={this.setRef}>
         <div style={{ pointerEvents: visible ? 'auto' : 'none' }}>
-          <div role='presentation' className='modal-root__overlay' onClick={onClose} style={{ backgroundColor: backgroundColor ? `rgba(${backgroundColor.r}, ${backgroundColor.g}, ${backgroundColor.b}, 0.7)` : null }} />
+          <div role='presentation' className='modal-root__overlay' onClick={onClose} style={{ backgroundColor: backgroundColor ? `rgba(${backgroundColor.r}, ${backgroundColor.g}, ${backgroundColor.b}, 0.9)` : null }} />
           <div role='dialog' className='modal-root__container'>{children}</div>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/image_loader.jsx b/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/image_loader.jsx
index 9dabc621b4..b1417deda7 100644
--- a/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/image_loader.jsx
+++ b/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/image_loader.jsx
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export default class ImageLoader extends PureComponent {
     width: PropTypes.number,
     height: PropTypes.number,
     onClick: PropTypes.func,
-    zoomButtonHidden: PropTypes.bool,
+    zoomedIn: PropTypes.bool,
   };
 
   static defaultProps = {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ export default class ImageLoader extends PureComponent {
   };
 
   render () {
-    const { alt, lang, src, width, height, onClick } = this.props;
+    const { alt, lang, src, width, height, onClick, zoomedIn } = this.props;
     const { loading } = this.state;
 
     const className = classNames('image-loader', {
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ export default class ImageLoader extends PureComponent {
             <div className='loading-bar__container' style={{ width: this.state.width || width }}>
               <LoadingBar className='loading-bar' loading={1} />
             </div>
+
             <canvas
               className='image-loader__preview-canvas'
               ref={this.setCanvasRef}
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ export default class ImageLoader extends PureComponent {
             onClick={onClick}
             width={width}
             height={height}
-            zoomButtonHidden={this.props.zoomButtonHidden}
+            zoomedIn={zoomedIn}
           />
         )}
       </div>
diff --git a/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/media_modal.jsx b/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/media_modal.jsx
index 0f6e8a727b..d69ceba539 100644
--- a/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/media_modal.jsx
+++ b/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/media_modal.jsx
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import ReactSwipeableViews from 'react-swipeable-views';
 import ChevronLeftIcon from '@/material-icons/400-24px/chevron_left.svg?react';
 import ChevronRightIcon from '@/material-icons/400-24px/chevron_right.svg?react';
 import CloseIcon from '@/material-icons/400-24px/close.svg?react';
+import FitScreenIcon from '@/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen.svg?react';
+import ActualSizeIcon from '@/svg-icons/actual_size.svg?react';
 import { getAverageFromBlurhash } from 'mastodon/blurhash';
 import { GIFV } from 'mastodon/components/gifv';
 import { Icon }  from 'mastodon/components/icon';
@@ -26,6 +28,8 @@ const messages = defineMessages({
   close: { id: 'lightbox.close', defaultMessage: 'Close' },
   previous: { id: 'lightbox.previous', defaultMessage: 'Previous' },
   next: { id: 'lightbox.next', defaultMessage: 'Next' },
+  zoomIn: { id: 'lightbox.zoom_in', defaultMessage: 'Zoom to actual size' },
+  zoomOut: { id: 'lightbox.zoom_out', defaultMessage: 'Zoom to fit' },
 });
 
 class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
@@ -46,30 +50,39 @@ class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
   state = {
     index: null,
     navigationHidden: false,
-    zoomButtonHidden: false,
+    zoomedIn: false,
+  };
+
+  handleZoomClick = () => {
+    this.setState(prevState => ({
+      zoomedIn: !prevState.zoomedIn,
+    }));
   };
 
   handleSwipe = (index) => {
-    this.setState({ index: index % this.props.media.size });
+    this.setState({
+      index: index % this.props.media.size,
+      zoomedIn: false,
+    });
   };
 
   handleTransitionEnd = () => {
     this.setState({
-      zoomButtonHidden: false,
+      zoomedIn: false,
     });
   };
 
   handleNextClick = () => {
     this.setState({
       index: (this.getIndex() + 1) % this.props.media.size,
-      zoomButtonHidden: true,
+      zoomedIn: false,
     });
   };
 
   handlePrevClick = () => {
     this.setState({
       index: (this.props.media.size + this.getIndex() - 1) % this.props.media.size,
-      zoomButtonHidden: true,
+      zoomedIn: false,
     });
   };
 
@@ -78,7 +91,7 @@ class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
 
     this.setState({
       index: index % this.props.media.size,
-      zoomButtonHidden: true,
+      zoomedIn: false,
     });
   };
 
@@ -130,15 +143,22 @@ class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
     return this.state.index !== null ? this.state.index : this.props.index;
   }
 
-  toggleNavigation = () => {
+  handleToggleNavigation = () => {
     this.setState(prevState => ({
       navigationHidden: !prevState.navigationHidden,
     }));
   };
 
+  setRef = c => {
+    this.setState({
+      viewportWidth: c?.clientWidth,
+      viewportHeight: c?.clientHeight,
+    });
+  };
+
   render () {
     const { media, statusId, lang, intl, onClose } = this.props;
-    const { navigationHidden } = this.state;
+    const { navigationHidden, zoomedIn, viewportWidth, viewportHeight } = this.state;
 
     const index = this.getIndex();
 
@@ -160,8 +180,8 @@ class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
             alt={description}
             lang={lang}
             key={image.get('url')}
-            onClick={this.toggleNavigation}
-            zoomButtonHidden={this.state.zoomButtonHidden}
+            onClick={this.handleToggleNavigation}
+            zoomedIn={zoomedIn}
           />
         );
       } else if (image.get('type') === 'video') {
@@ -230,9 +250,12 @@ class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
       ));
     }
 
+    const currentMedia = media.get(index);
+    const zoomable = currentMedia.get('type') === 'image' && (currentMedia.getIn(['meta', 'original', 'width']) > viewportWidth || currentMedia.getIn(['meta', 'original', 'height']) > viewportHeight);
+
     return (
-      <div className='modal-root__modal media-modal'>
-        <div className='media-modal__closer' role='presentation' onClick={onClose} >
+      <div className='modal-root__modal media-modal' ref={this.setRef}>
+        <div className='media-modal__closer' role='presentation' onClick={onClose}>
           <ReactSwipeableViews
             style={swipeableViewsStyle}
             containerStyle={containerStyle}
@@ -246,7 +269,10 @@ class MediaModal extends ImmutablePureComponent {
         </div>
 
         <div className={navigationClassName}>
-          <IconButton className='media-modal__close' title={intl.formatMessage(messages.close)} icon='times' iconComponent={CloseIcon} onClick={onClose} size={40} />
+          <div className='media-modal__buttons'>
+            {zoomable && <IconButton title={intl.formatMessage(zoomedIn ? messages.zoomOut : messages.zoomIn)} iconComponent={zoomedIn ? FitScreenIcon : ActualSizeIcon} onClick={this.handleZoomClick} />}
+            <IconButton title={intl.formatMessage(messages.close)} icon='times' iconComponent={CloseIcon} onClick={onClose} />
+          </div>
 
           {leftNav}
           {rightNav}
diff --git a/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/zoomable_image.jsx b/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/zoomable_image.jsx
index 272a3cff00..c4129bf260 100644
--- a/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/zoomable_image.jsx
+++ b/app/javascript/mastodon/features/ui/components/zoomable_image.jsx
@@ -1,17 +1,6 @@
 import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
 import { PureComponent } from 'react';
 
-import { defineMessages, injectIntl } from 'react-intl';
-
-import FullscreenExitIcon from '@/material-icons/400-24px/fullscreen_exit.svg?react';
-import RectangleIcon from '@/material-icons/400-24px/rectangle.svg?react';
-import { IconButton } from 'mastodon/components/icon_button';
-
-const messages = defineMessages({
-  compress: { id: 'lightbox.compress', defaultMessage: 'Compress image view box' },
-  expand: { id: 'lightbox.expand', defaultMessage: 'Expand image view box' },
-});
-
 const MIN_SCALE = 1;
 const MAX_SCALE = 4;
 const NAV_BAR_HEIGHT = 66;
@@ -104,8 +93,7 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
     width: PropTypes.number,
     height: PropTypes.number,
     onClick: PropTypes.func,
-    zoomButtonHidden: PropTypes.bool,
-    intl: PropTypes.object.isRequired,
+    zoomedIn: PropTypes.bool,
   };
 
   static defaultProps = {
@@ -131,8 +119,6 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
       translateX: null,
       translateY: null,
     },
-    zoomState: 'expand', // 'expand' 'compress'
-    navigationHidden: false,
     dragPosition: { top: 0, left: 0, x: 0, y: 0 },
     dragged: false,
     lockScroll: { x: 0, y: 0 },
@@ -169,35 +155,20 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
     this.container.addEventListener('DOMMouseScroll', handler);
     this.removers.push(() => this.container.removeEventListener('DOMMouseScroll', handler));
 
-    this.initZoomMatrix();
+    this._initZoomMatrix();
   }
 
   componentWillUnmount () {
-    this.removeEventListeners();
+    this._removeEventListeners();
   }
 
-  componentDidUpdate () {
-    this.setState({ zoomState: this.state.scale >= this.state.zoomMatrix.rate ? 'compress' : 'expand' });
-
-    if (this.state.scale === MIN_SCALE) {
-      this.container.style.removeProperty('cursor');
+  componentDidUpdate (prevProps) {
+    if (prevProps.zoomedIn !== this.props.zoomedIn) {
+      this._toggleZoom();
     }
   }
 
-  UNSAFE_componentWillReceiveProps () {
-    // reset when slide to next image
-    if (this.props.zoomButtonHidden) {
-      this.setState({
-        scale: MIN_SCALE,
-        lockTranslate: { x: 0, y: 0 },
-      }, () => {
-        this.container.scrollLeft = 0;
-        this.container.scrollTop = 0;
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  removeEventListeners () {
+  _removeEventListeners () {
     this.removers.forEach(listeners => listeners());
     this.removers = [];
   }
@@ -220,9 +191,6 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
   };
 
   mouseDownHandler = e => {
-    this.container.style.cursor = 'grabbing';
-    this.container.style.userSelect = 'none';
-
     this.setState({ dragPosition: {
       left: this.container.scrollLeft,
       top: this.container.scrollTop,
@@ -246,9 +214,6 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
   };
 
   mouseUpHandler = () => {
-    this.container.style.cursor = 'grab';
-    this.container.style.removeProperty('user-select');
-
     this.image.removeEventListener('mousemove', this.mouseMoveHandler);
     this.image.removeEventListener('mouseup', this.mouseUpHandler);
   };
@@ -276,13 +241,13 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
     const _MAX_SCALE = Math.max(MAX_SCALE, this.state.zoomMatrix.rate);
     const scale = clamp(MIN_SCALE, _MAX_SCALE, this.state.scale * distance / this.lastDistance);
 
-    this.zoom(scale, midpoint);
+    this._zoom(scale, midpoint);
 
     this.lastMidpoint = midpoint;
     this.lastDistance = distance;
   };
 
-  zoom(nextScale, midpoint) {
+  _zoom(nextScale, midpoint) {
     const { scale, zoomMatrix } = this.state;
     const { scrollLeft, scrollTop } = this.container;
 
@@ -318,14 +283,13 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
     if (dragged) return;
     const handler = this.props.onClick;
     if (handler) handler();
-    this.setState({ navigationHidden: !this.state.navigationHidden });
   };
 
   handleMouseDown = e => {
     e.preventDefault();
   };
 
-  initZoomMatrix = () => {
+  _initZoomMatrix = () => {
     const { width, height } = this.props;
     const { clientWidth, clientHeight } = this.container;
     const { offsetWidth, offsetHeight } = this.image;
@@ -357,10 +321,7 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
     });
   };
 
-  handleZoomClick = e => {
-    e.preventDefault();
-    e.stopPropagation();
-
+  _toggleZoom () {
     const { scale, zoomMatrix } = this.state;
 
     if ( scale >= zoomMatrix.rate ) {
@@ -394,10 +355,7 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
         this.container.scrollTop = zoomMatrix.scrollTop;
       });
     }
-
-    this.container.style.cursor = 'grab';
-    this.container.style.removeProperty('user-select');
-  };
+  }
 
   setContainerRef = c => {
     this.container = c;
@@ -408,52 +366,37 @@ class ZoomableImage extends PureComponent {
   };
 
   render () {
-    const { alt, lang, src, width, height, intl } = this.props;
-    const { scale, lockTranslate } = this.state;
+    const { alt, lang, src, width, height } = this.props;
+    const { scale, lockTranslate, dragged } = this.state;
     const overflow = scale === MIN_SCALE ? 'hidden' : 'scroll';
-    const zoomButtonShouldHide = this.state.navigationHidden || this.props.zoomButtonHidden || this.state.zoomMatrix.rate <= MIN_SCALE ? 'media-modal__zoom-button--hidden' : '';
-    const zoomButtonTitle = this.state.zoomState === 'compress' ? intl.formatMessage(messages.compress) : intl.formatMessage(messages.expand);
+    const cursor = scale === MIN_SCALE ? null : (dragged ? 'grabbing' : 'grab');
 
     return (
-      <>
-        <IconButton
-          className={`media-modal__zoom-button ${zoomButtonShouldHide}`}
-          title={zoomButtonTitle}
-          icon={this.state.zoomState}
-          iconComponent={this.state.zoomState === 'compress' ? FullscreenExitIcon : RectangleIcon}
-          onClick={this.handleZoomClick}
-          size={40}
+      <div
+        className='zoomable-image'
+        ref={this.setContainerRef}
+        style={{ overflow, cursor, userSelect: 'none' }}
+      >
+        <img
+          role='presentation'
+          ref={this.setImageRef}
+          alt={alt}
+          title={alt}
+          lang={lang}
+          src={src}
+          width={width}
+          height={height}
           style={{
-            fontSize: '30px', /* Fontawesome's fa-compress fa-expand is larger than fa-close */
+            transform: `scale(${scale}) translate(-${lockTranslate.x}px, -${lockTranslate.y}px)`,
+            transformOrigin: '0 0',
           }}
+          draggable={false}
+          onClick={this.handleClick}
+          onMouseDown={this.handleMouseDown}
         />
-        <div
-          className='zoomable-image'
-          ref={this.setContainerRef}
-          style={{ overflow }}
-        >
-          <img
-            role='presentation'
-            ref={this.setImageRef}
-            alt={alt}
-            title={alt}
-            lang={lang}
-            src={src}
-            width={width}
-            height={height}
-            style={{
-              transform: `scale(${scale}) translate(-${lockTranslate.x}px, -${lockTranslate.y}px)`,
-              transformOrigin: '0 0',
-            }}
-            draggable={false}
-            onClick={this.handleClick}
-            onMouseDown={this.handleMouseDown}
-          />
-        </div>
-      </>
+      </div>
     );
   }
-
 }
 
-export default injectIntl(ZoomableImage);
+export default ZoomableImage;
diff --git a/app/javascript/mastodon/locales/en.json b/app/javascript/mastodon/locales/en.json
index 7f2e88d440..d0563bb1b2 100644
--- a/app/javascript/mastodon/locales/en.json
+++ b/app/javascript/mastodon/locales/en.json
@@ -432,10 +432,10 @@
   "keyboard_shortcuts.unfocus": "Unfocus compose textarea/search",
   "keyboard_shortcuts.up": "Move up in the list",
   "lightbox.close": "Close",
-  "lightbox.compress": "Compress image view box",
-  "lightbox.expand": "Expand image view box",
   "lightbox.next": "Next",
   "lightbox.previous": "Previous",
+  "lightbox.zoom_in": "Zoom to actual size",
+  "lightbox.zoom_out": "Zoom to fit",
   "limited_account_hint.action": "Show profile anyway",
   "limited_account_hint.title": "This profile has been hidden by the moderators of {domain}.",
   "link_preview.author": "By {name}",
diff --git a/app/javascript/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen-fill.svg b/app/javascript/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen-fill.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2ed8ca581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/javascript/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen-fill.svg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="24"><path d="M800-600v-120H680v-80h120q33 0 56.5 23.5T880-720v120h-80Zm-720 0v-120q0-33 23.5-56.5T160-800h120v80H160v120H80Zm600 440v-80h120v-120h80v120q0 33-23.5 56.5T800-160H680Zm-520 0q-33 0-56.5-23.5T80-240v-120h80v120h120v80H160Zm80-160v-320h480v320H240Z"/></svg>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/javascript/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen.svg b/app/javascript/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8d06f6e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/javascript/material-icons/400-24px/fit_screen.svg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 -960 960 960" width="24"><path d="M800-600v-120H680v-80h120q33 0 56.5 23.5T880-720v120h-80Zm-720 0v-120q0-33 23.5-56.5T160-800h120v80H160v120H80Zm600 440v-80h120v-120h80v120q0 33-23.5 56.5T800-160H680Zm-520 0q-33 0-56.5-23.5T80-240v-120h80v120h120v80H160Zm80-160v-320h480v320H240Zm80-80h320v-160H320v160Zm0 0v-160 160Z"/></svg>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/app/javascript/styles/mastodon/components.scss b/app/javascript/styles/mastodon/components.scss
index 495481622a..53becb3b92 100644
--- a/app/javascript/styles/mastodon/components.scss
+++ b/app/javascript/styles/mastodon/components.scss
@@ -5764,19 +5764,34 @@ a.status-card {
   height: 100%;
   position: relative;
 
-  &__close,
-  &__zoom-button {
-    color: rgba($white, 0.7);
+  &__buttons {
+    position: absolute;
+    inset-inline-end: 8px;
+    top: 8px;
+    z-index: 100;
+    display: flex;
+    gap: 8px;
+    align-items: center;
 
-    &:hover,
-    &:focus,
-    &:active {
-      color: $white;
-      background-color: rgba($white, 0.15);
-    }
+    .icon-button {
+      color: rgba($white, 0.7);
+      padding: 8px;
 
-    &:focus {
-      background-color: rgba($white, 0.3);
+      .icon {
+        width: 24px;
+        height: 24px;
+      }
+
+      &:hover,
+      &:focus,
+      &:active {
+        color: $white;
+        background-color: rgba($white, 0.15);
+      }
+
+      &:focus {
+        background-color: rgba($white, 0.3);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
@@ -5937,28 +5952,6 @@ a.status-card {
   }
 }
 
-.media-modal__close {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset-inline-end: 8px;
-  top: 8px;
-  z-index: 100;
-}
-
-.media-modal__zoom-button {
-  position: absolute;
-  inset-inline-end: 64px;
-  top: 8px;
-  z-index: 100;
-  pointer-events: auto;
-  transition: opacity 0.3s linear;
-  will-change: opacity;
-}
-
-.media-modal__zoom-button--hidden {
-  pointer-events: none;
-  opacity: 0;
-}
-
 .onboarding-modal,
 .error-modal,
 .embed-modal {
diff --git a/app/javascript/svg-icons/actual_size.svg b/app/javascript/svg-icons/actual_size.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75939cac87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/javascript/svg-icons/actual_size.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+<path d="M3.1002 20.2C2.46686 20.2 1.9252 19.9833 1.4752 19.55C1.04186 19.1 0.825195 18.5583 0.825195 17.925V6.07499C0.825195 5.44165 1.04186 4.90832 1.4752 4.47499C1.9252 4.02499 2.46686 3.79999 3.1002 3.79999H20.9002C21.5335 3.79999 22.0669 4.02499 22.5002 4.47499C22.9502 4.90832 23.1752 5.44165 23.1752 6.07499V17.925C23.1752 18.5583 22.9502 19.1 22.5002 19.55C22.0669 19.9833 21.5335 20.2 20.9002 20.2H3.1002ZM3.1002 17.925H20.9002V6.07499H3.1002V17.925Z" fill="black"/>
+<path d="M8.12522 16V9.85782H6.25043V8H10V16H8.12522ZM11.1461 16V14.1422H13.0209V16H11.1461ZM15.1252 16V9.85782H13.2313V8H17V16H15.1252ZM11.1461 12.8578V11H13.0209V12.8578H11.1461Z" fill="black"/>
+</svg>